Thursday, October 2, 2008

Shuttle Launches From Florida's Space Coast

Shuttle Launches From Florida's Space Coast


Title: Shuttle Launches From Florida's Space Coast

Author: Kirby Collins

Article:
Since the early days of the Mercury program, visitors to the
Space Coast have enjoyed NASA launches from Kennedy Space Center
and Space Shuttle launches are to continue into 2010 when NASA
is planning to retire the space shuttle fleet. When a Space
Shuttle launches, people come from all over the country to see
it, they are that spectacular. Launches are such a large part of
the Space Coast, we made 321 our area code.

All of the launches from Cape Canaveral are spectacular,
especially night launches which light up the Space Coast to the
awe of residents and visitors alike. There are many excellent
places along the beaches and in local parks from which to view
the launches. Launch dates change frequently so be sure to make
your plans accordingly.

The space shuttle is not the only launch vehicle that lifts-off
from Cape Canaveral. EELVs or Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle
such as the Delta 2, Atlas 5 and Delta 4 Heavy carries payloads
such as GPS satellites and NASA payloads such as the GLAST, the
Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope observatory into orbit well
past the space shuttle retirement.
The Space Program has long been a source of technology advances
and that continues today. The new Constellation Program will
begin in 2015 with flights from Cape Canaveral. The goal of the
mission is to set up an outpost on the Moon that will allow a
test bed for its ultimate mission to Mars. NASA has been
exploring Mars with robotic vehicles and prepare for their
ultimate mission, Manned Spaceflight to Mars.

Tourist can also visit the beautiful beaches of Cocoa Beach on
the Space Coast. Cocoa Beach is known as the small wave capitol
of the East Coast, its wide beaches stretch for more than 10
miles. The area has many shops, restaurants, and hotels as well
as a pier jutting 800 feet into the Atlantic, its a popular
place to view a launch.

Many Orlando vacationers are already here during launches, by
keeping up with the latest news, they'll know when to visit the
nearby Space Coast to view a launch. Should a launch happen to
get 'scrubbed' there are still many unique experiences to be had
along the Space Coast.

The Cocoa Beach Pier is a great place for family fun all day
long, after a day playing volleyball or surfing or just hanging
out people watching and tanning you can go up the pier and do a
little shopping on your way to one of the several fine
restaurants there. After dinner go out to the end of the pier
and enjoy the view from the Tiki Bar or take the kids to the ice
cream parlor & arcade there.

Cape Canaveral is also very close and offers a wide variety of
waterfront dining featuring fresh caught seafood mixed with the
imagination of local chefs, or just sit back and watch the waves
roll in or the ships go out while sipping drinks and taking in
great live entertainment.

About the author:
PlacesAroundFlorida.com is a href="http://www.placesaroundflorida.com/">Florida Vacations
website featuring href="http://www.placesaroundflorida.com/Cape_Canaveral_Florida/C
ape_Canaveral_Launch_Schedule/">Cape Canaveral Launch
Schedule
updates.

A look at the Biggest Telescopes in the World

A look at the Biggest Telescopes in the World


Title: A look at the Biggest Telescopes in the World

Author: Will Kalif

Article:
The Telescope turns 400 years old this year and in four century
period astronomers and telescope makers have been continually
making larger and larger telescopes in order to peer deeper and
deeper into the mysteries of the universe. There are currently
quite a few enormous instruments in use and there are several
next generation telescopes being developed that will dwarf
anything currently in use. This article takes a look at some of
these magnificent monsters of astronomy.

The largest Refractor telescope

Refractor telescopes are renowned for their absolute sharpness
of image because they are composed of very large lenses of
compounds of glass which gives them crystal clear images. But
they are extraordinarily difficult to make in a large size.
Their own weight distorts their shape and makes them unusable
above a certain size.

The largest refractor in the world is the Yerkes telescope which
has a primary lens that is 40 inches in diameter. It was
completed in 1897 and was built by the famous master optician
Alvan Clark. It represents the pinnacle of refractor telescope
making and no larger one has since been built in the hundred
years since. Reflectors are much more feasible for larger sizes
and there are many of this type that are extraordinarily large.
It is with reflectors that we achieve very large instruments.

The Big Reflectors

Reflector telescopes come in two different types. The first type
is the single mirror type where a single piece of glass is cast
and polished to make the primary mirror. The second type is the
segmented mirror where a series of hexagonal mirrors are
assembled together into a single large mirror. This type of
mirror looks much like the honeycomb from a beehive and this new
technology is allowing telescope makers to make instruments
larger than ever imagined.

The largest single piece of glass telescope in the world is the
Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) in Arizona. It is a telescope
composed of two separate mirrors that are side by side and work
in tandem. The light from both of them are blended into one
single image. Each mirror is 8.4 meters (330 inches) in width
and when used together they create the equivalent of a mirror
that is 11.8 meters (464 inches) across which is currently the
largest light collecting size on Earth. It is located in Mount
Graham International Observatory in Arizona.

Segmented mirrors pose technology challenges that have been
overcome in the past decade and now these multiple mirror scopes
are being built in extremely large sizes that cannot be rivaled
by single piece mirrors. Of the segmented telescopes where a
series of honeycomb shapes are assembled together into a single
telescope there are three different observatories with these
largest of mirrors.

The South African Large Telescope (SALT) is the largest primary
mirror scope in the world and it has a segmented mirror that is
11 meters (433 inches) across.The Big Reflectors

Reflector telescopes come in two different types. The first type
is the single mirror type where a single piece of glass is cast
and polished to make the primary mirror. The second type is the
segmented mirror where a series of hexagonal mirrors are
assembled together into a single large mirror. This type of
mirror looks much like the honeycomb from a beehive and this new
technology is allowing telescope makers to make instruments
larger than ever imagined.

The largest single piece of glass telescope in the world is the
Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) in Arizona. It is a telescope
composed of two separate mirrors that are side by side and work
in tandem. The light from both of them are blended into one
single image. Each mirror is 8.4 meters (330 inches) in width
and when used together they create the equivalent of a mirror
that is 11.8 meters (464 inches) across which is currently the
largest light collecting size on Earth. It is located in Mount
Graham International Observatory in Arizona.

Segmented mirrors pose technology challenges that have been
overcome in the past decade and now these multiple mirror scopes
are being built in extremely large sizes that cannot be rivaled
by single piece mirrors. Of the segmented telescopes where a
series of honeycomb shapes are assembled together into a single
telescope there are three different observatories with these
largest of mirrors.

The South African Large Telescope (SALT) is the largest primary
mirror scope in the world and it has a segmented mirror that is
11 meters (433 inches) across.

The Gran Telescopio Canarias or GTC is located on the island of
LaPalma Spain and it has a segmented primary mirror that is 10.4
meters in diameter (409 inches) which makes it the single
largest mirror in the world.

The Keck Telescopes are a pair of telescopes located at the Keck
Observatory in Hawaii. Each mirror is ten meters (400 inches) in
diameter.

Bigger Telescopes to come

There are even larger telescopes currently in the proposal,
development, or construction stage. Technology improvements over
the past decade have made a new scale of telescope possible and
this new scale is referred to as ELT or Extremely Large
Telescopes and it is the next generation to come. ELT's are
telescopes that are more than twenty meters in diameter which is
double the size of existing telescopes. And this doubling of
size gives significantly more than double the light gathering
power. Most of these scopes will be of the segmented mirror type
but one notable exception is the Giant Magellan telescope which
will be composed of seven spherical mirrors constructed together
so they act as a single mirror. This project is scheduled for
completion in 2016. It will be located in Las Companas
Observatory, Chile

The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), which is currently in
development, will be thirty meters across and composed of
segmented mirrors. It is expected to be a telescope of unmatched
performance and is predicted to be able to image planets
circling other stars. The current time line for this project is
for it to be completed somewhere around 2017 - 2018.

What about the Famous Hubble Telescope? The primary mirror in
the Hubble is 2.4 meters across (94.5 inches) which makes it
rather small compared to some of the giants listed in this
article. So then why is it the most spectacular telescope ever
created? The big advantage the Hubble has over all the other
telescopes is that it doesn't have to peer through the soup of
Earth's atmosphere. And this advantage is staggering. That is
why the Hubble has brought us some of the most extraordinary
images ever recorded.

What comes after the Hubble?

NASA is currently working on its next generation space
telescope. It is called the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
The primary mirror will be 6.5 meters (21.3 feet) in diameter.
Launch is planned for 2013.

Since the invention of the first telescope 400 years ago man has
been building ever larger telescopes. The telescopes to come
will bring us images of planets around other stars and who
knows, they may bring us images of the very birth of the
universe we live in.

About the author:
To learn more about the amazing world of telescopes visit the
author's website : The
Telescope Nerd


Tuesday, September 23, 2008

Importance of Space Commercialization

Title: Importance of Space Commercialization

Author: Icie

Article:


Importance of Space Commercialization

Due to the advancement of space technologies the possibility of
space
commercialization
has not only become probable, but
extremely feasible and profitable. For the past 60 years the
Space Race has been a competition solely between governments. It
has only been recently that private companies and large
organizations have been able to produce space technology
independently. The largest promoter and supporter of privately
developed space technology is the X-Prize Foundation. A
non-profit organization oriented toward educating the public,
the Foundation was created by Dr. Peter H. Daimandis to spur
competition in the private sector for developing creative
breakthroughs in space technology.

Basing his beliefs on examples in history, Dr. Daimandis
believed that if one company or person was capable of achieving
or creating something new or something formally believed
impossible, other persons would follow. One of his examples was
the first crossing of the Atlantic by a single person, Lindbergh
in the Spirit of St. Louis. After Lindbergh did “the
impossible” applications for pilot licenses increased by 300%
and the passenger count of the (limited) airlines of the time
increased by a factor of 30! Without developing any new
technology, Lindbergh simply showed what was possible through
determination and stubbornness.

The X-Prize Foundation was not the only organization to believe
in the future of space commercialization, in 1998 the American
government created in the Department of Commerce the Office of
Space Commercialization to oversee policy creation concerning
space commerce and industry in the U.S. commercial space
industry.

Robert Goddard, in March 1926, created and launched the first
liquid fueled rocket giving him the moniker “the father of
modern rocketry”. Only 21 years later the Soviet Union
successfully launched and placed into orbit the first artificial
satellite, Sputnik. Although the size of a basketball its place
in history is enormous, the beginning of the Space Race.

Thirty two years later the United States government created the
National Space and Aeronautics Administration, the precursor to
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). Beginning
with a budget of only $100 million and 8,000 employees, within
the first year of operation they created and launched
America’s first orbital satellite, the Pioneer III. Three
years after the creation of NSAA, President John F. Kennedy gave
his historical speech announcing the intention of landing men on
the moon.

Ten years after the beginning of NSAA, only 22 years after the
world’s first artificial satellite, Apollo 8 brought mankind
to moon. But unfortunately it was only 4 years later in 1972
that humans stopped walking on the moon. The Space Race has
since carried on to developing the International Space Station
(ISS), Space Shuttles, and exploring other planets in the Solar
System through satellites and robots. All of this advancement
and research has been funded by various national governments.

But now private companies are entering the space competition.
The X-Prize Foundation’s challenge to private companies was
for the development of a reusable spacecraft; with a turnaround
faster than the government funded Space Shuttle. SpaceShipOne
entered into the history books on October 4, 2004 as the first
privately built and manned spacecraft to achieve orbital height
twice within a two week period.
The Space Shuttle’s primary design was developed during the
1970’s, and 30 years later the same basic design is still
being used, with upgrades in computers and hardware of course.
The biggest difference between the Space Shuttle and
SpaceShipOne is SpaceShipOne takes off and lands like an
airplane, instead of taking off vertically like a rocket. This
makes it cheaper to produce and maintain, and allows for a
faster turnaround between flights.

SpaceShipOne, a combined effort by Virgin Group of Companies
and Scaled Composites, led the way for the proposal of a
privately operated spaceport. The New Mexico Spaceport is being
built by Virgin Galactic (a subsidiary of Virgin Group) and will
allow for private individuals the chance to travel into space.

Today we have improved medicines, faster computers, plastic
composites, metal alloys, and toys that seem to have originated
in science fiction novels, all thanks to space technology. Space
technology has helped shape our current society in subtle ways
too, enough for someone to write a book about it, The Hidden
Revolution by Jim Schefter.

The development of SpaceShipOne was funded by Paul Allen,
Microsoft’s co-founder. For the developments to be kept
privately owned, all funding must come from the private sector.
This creates a problem for the general public. It takes a lot of
money to develop space technologies, money that comes from the
profits of commercial companies. These profits are derived from
the spending habits of the general public. To have more profits
to put into research, profits must be increased. This is done
(generally) by decreasing production costs and/or increasing
prices on products or services.

But is the public ready to pay for a privately funded space
program when they already are funding government programs
through taxes? There may not be a choice in the matter. Already
private companies are researching and developing for the next
X-Prize, the Lunar Lander Challenge with a prize of $2.5
million. No one has been on the moon in 35 years; it just might
be time for a private organization to return us to the moon.

Why is it so important for mankind to return to the moon? With
the low gravity of the moon, scientific research that is not
possible here in Earth’s gravity well would be possible. The
range of technological advancements that could be possible would
require a book to list. For 61 years the governments of Earth of
competed in a race for new space technology. Space technology
has been proven unequivocally useful and important in the
advancement of our society. Government funded research is a
pitfall of red tape, secrecy, and is sometimes overseen by
ill-experienced or non-qualified people. Attempting to predict
the impact space technology would have on our society in the
future would almost be impossible to forecast, as would any new
innovation. Maybe we shouldn’t be concentrating strictly on
the predictable benefits of space technology, but go the route
as said by President John F. Kennedy; “We choose to go to the
moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the
other things, not because they are easy, but because they are
hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the
best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one
that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone,
and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.” It’s
not that hard to support the development of a private space
industry. Simply support the corporations and organizations that
provide the funding, support their ideas and decisions. The
Space Race is already integrated into our society, cell phones,
all communications, GPS, weather forecasting, ecological
sciences, medical science, etc. Any knowledge acquired is never
a waste of time. Do not allow government regulations and red
tape stagnate the future development of our society, support
space commercialization.

About the author:
I work primarily in AutoCad and Engineering, with a Bachelor
Degree in something completely unrelated after 3 years as a
Engineering Physics major.href="http://privatespacecompanies.blogspot.com/">Commercializati
on of Space by Private Companies

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